Themes > Arts > Civic & Landscape Art > Natural Landscape > Scientific aspects of the park protection program

By Frank Been

Because of the entrance of man into the natural scheme, the balance of nature, which perhaps has never been perfect, is completely overthrown. The best that we can hope to do is to arrange a balance of nature according to our ideas. These ideas are apt to be influenced by analysis no matter how much we try to avoid it. By looking forward into the future, we cannot help but see that the pressure of the demands for unutilized natural resources and the struggle for food may result in the complete destruction of the balance of nature. The only chance of preserving predatory animals which are necessary to the balance of nature is by creating preserves where these animals are protected. Our national parks are the logically and most advantageously situated to afford this protection. The world of science is becoming more generally respected. If science decrees that certain areas should remain untouched by man, it is quite likely that these areas will withstand the pressure of economic progress demanding that the areas be used industrially.
In protecting the predatory animal, we must consider the effect upon the territory bordering the park where there may be live stock ranches of some description. It is easily possible that animals protected in the park may cause serious losses to the ranger, who would be justified in killing the predator. Our effort to maintain a balance of nature is destroyed at that point, and we are helpless to change the situation because we cannot expect a ranger to support a scientific project to the extent of losing much of his stock.
If, however, this problem does not enter, to what extent will we go to maintain the natural balance? This history of this nation shows that certain kinds of game were at one time less plentiful than now because predatory animals were more numerous than before the appearance of man; he decreased the numbers of predators, thus permitting the increase in non-predators. In our national parks we shall determine the number of predators by their effect upon the non-predator, but that is not very likely to be a true balance of nature. Again the predator may become so numerous as to be dangerous or at least a serious nuisance, to the people of the park. If this occurs, steps must be taken to reduce the numbers, because the parks must be kept safe for the people, but such steps would not support a balance of nature.
Should predatory animals be protected in our national parks? They must be protected if we are to support our policy of education, not to mention the balance of nature. C. C. Adams presented three reasons why predators should be protected:
  • Scientific value - necessary in study of anatomy, ecology. evolutionary problems, and other scientific studies.

  • Educational and social values - people are generally greatly interested in animals which are needed to complete zoological gardens, and examples are often taken from animals in human social conduct.

  • Economic value - prevents over-population of herbivorous animals and rodents; source of fur and medicines.

These three reasons were presented to support the protection of predatory animals in general, but they are particularly applicable to the situation in our national parks as our parks are considered the most important sanctuaries for the protection of predators. To date there has been no comprehensive study of the animal situation in the national parks, but in Yellowstone and Yosemite, where the most work has been done, results indicate that the predators are far from safe in those parks. In many instances, the animals are exposed to an open season all around the park. With such a condition existing, it may only be a matter of time until the animal becomes extinct, even in the protected area because of the steady outside drain on the species.
Predatory animals are apt to be affected by the contacts with people so that the natural balance is destroyed by the change in the animal itself besides the change in its relation to the other animals. This does net apply only to predatory animals. Allan Brooks of British Columbia stated this when he said, "The garbage-can grizzlies of our parks can have little value in the study of the life-history of the animal."


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