In 1982 in Gabrovo, Bulgaria a conference
"Laughter and Folklore" was held. Contemporary folk holidays do not reflect
traditions of laughing culture of any nation. The most famous festivals are
: the humour and satire festival in Gabrovo; the festival, devoted to Khodga
Nasreddin in Turkey; festival of laughter in Japan; European Fools' Days;
Sorochinski Fairs, connected with the works of N. Gogol; humour and satire
festivals in Mariampol (Lithuania); holidays in Leninakan ( Armenia),
Kindasovo (Karelia), and some others. Exhibitions of caricatures are usually
held there, though the figures of laughing folk culture are mainly connected
with literature: riddles and sayings, fairy tales and anecdotes, proverbs
and chastushkas (Russian short funny songs), vexing of people of
neighbourhood, etc.
Some folklore literary devices of increasing funny effect, i.e. absurd,
are close to artists-caricaturists. It is true, that there were no
professional caricaturists among peasants, but is not it a caricature - a
Shrove pancake with holes for a mouth and a nose? Is not it a caricature - a
Christmas mask made of birch bark with a long nose or a fur coat turned
inside out? In any village used to be its own wag or a jester who could turn
funny phrases into comic visual figure. In Gabrovo in the Museum of Humour
and Satire there is a collection of folk pictures, funny sculptures, ritual
carnival masks, toys, and samples of folk art from different countries.
To some extent, folk pictures had some socially critical meaning, the
publishing of one of them "The bull did not want..." was prohibited in
1840s. Censorship considered it to be the allegory of the serfs' reprisal
with their masters.
Nowadays many religious figures intended to scare people are taken as
humorous. In the pictures of Doomsday, for example, devils and sinners in
the Hell are busy with their daily routine, They behave themselves like
people on the Earth. One can see a lot of devil figures in the Museum of
Devils in Kaunas, Lithuania. The foundation of A. Zhmudzinavichus's
collection had become Lithuanian evil spirits. A devil is inevitably a
figure of laughter. Words "wag", "jester", and "joker" are synonyms to the
words "devil", or "Satan" in the languages of the northern peoples of
Russia.
Funereal customs of some nations were accompanied with laughter - it can
be seen in Chinese, Russian, and Italian "sepulchral" satiric folk pictures.
Thanks to S. Patrash, a skillful craftsman and humorist, a funny cemetery in
Sepinitsa, Rumania, has become famous all over the world.
Fancy and just animals are the essential part of folklore. Turkey used to
be the emblem of Mariampole Festival; the symbol of Kindasovo holiday is a
dog in a cap; in Gabrovo - a cat. There is no need to prove that all modern
humorous literature and art originated from folklore.
In all the times, in all the countries, folklore inspired artists.
Remember Peter Bruegel, Sr. His painting "Dutch Proverbs" is "the
encyclopedia of folk wisdom under fool's cap". It is interesting that
proverbs mocking absurd and stupid activities prevail in folklore. A peasant
is throwing roses in front of pigs; a warrior without pants but in chain
mail is trying to ruin a stone wall...