A.Pushkin drew caricatures and at
the same time he made up masks. Thanks to his advice Tom, an Englishman, got
the first prize for a costume at a fancy ball. His costume looked like a
thick golden book with the inscription "Volume 1" on the back. Masks are
widely used in theatrical performances. In one of the versions of Hashek's
"Adventures of Sweik, the soldier" the actors in the masks of common people
praised the emperor, then they turned into soldiers; their next masks were
targets, and at last - grave crosses. Kukriniksi, three Soviet
caricaturists, made grotesque Hitler masks for decoration of demonstrations.
They were also the authors of Kerensky, Strauss, Makhno masks. All the masks
were made of special rubber, and the actors could make faces. Nowadays it is
possible to buy any mask of political leaders or whoever you like. In London
Camden Town one can buy a mask of Thatcher, Major, or Blair.
I.Igin was also interested in the art of making masks. In 1931 he taught
children to make masks of Mussolini and other fascist leaders.
The words "mask" and "caricature" joined as far as in 1905. One of the
satiric magazines was published in the title "Masks". Its editor was S.
Chekhonin.
There are museums of masks. Some of them are funny, but some - scary.
Slavonian masks are for fun while African ones are usually for frightening.
Modern African masks of a merchant, an official, and a colonizer act in
satiric performances. Remember the masks of ancient Greece comedy and
characters of Italian comedy de l'arte. There was no canonical text in the
comedy de l'arte, the actors improvised at every performance: Tartalya (a
stutterer) can not tell anything although tries his best, he is very
expressive like a caricature, so the words are not important. Masks were
used by many actors (C. Chaplin, A. Raikin) and writers (K. Prutkov) in
their own ways.
Great F. Goya in his "Caprichos" shows the world like a stage where
people-actors represent their masks, hiding their real worth. (Nobody knows
anyone", "He could not even see her"). In the beginning of the XXth century
vanguard-artists especially such ironic artists like P. Picasso and M.
Chagall used masks in their creative work. Political caricature is the
sphere where the artists can not do without masks because politics itself
makes people hide their thoughts and feelings. These masks participate in
shows to reveal political machinations of opponents. Modern caricature is
hardly an art of characters, it is rather an art of masks, making
intelligence and stupidity, richness and poverty, love and hatred, strength
and weakness.
In 1985 in Trento, Italy, an exhibition of caricatures on the topic
"Masks" was held.