For centuries alcohol, like laughter, for a Russian meant freedom . It gave
the chance to escape from reality to "anti-world" - "dissipated" world,
funny as it is, where any squiffy person could behave himself without any
regulations. Any Russian drank well, at the same time he/she laughed a lot.
Church did not approve drinking because it believed a drunk person to be the
result of the devil's work. Anti-alcoholic satiric luboks were published.
Probably, Peter the Great knew about medieval parody services and he
organized Russian buffoonery - so called "sobor", where he tried to turn
folk's addiction into his favour. The most muddled person was awarded the
title of "the best drunkard" and was given three honourary awards.
N. Zotov was appointed the head of all Russian drunkards for his
"special" merits.
Alcohol was the problem in England, too. Thanks to W. Hogarth's prints
"Gin Street" and "Beer Street", Parliament prohibited illegal sale of gin in
the middle of the XVIIIth century. French and German caricaturists also
devoted their works to this topic.
In Russian humorous magazines published before 1917 everyday drinking was
ridiculed, state attempts to stop it with the help of abstinence societies
and hospitals for alcoholics were criticized. One could see an extraordinary
vignette by N. Stepanov in the title of the "Iskra" ("Spark") magazine of
1859. The artist drew the letter "A" consisting of two giddy persons - a
worker and a peasant fighting for a stick.
The caricature by M. Cheremnikh (1929) was accompanied with the following
words: "Stand up, comrade! You will never come to socialism on all fours".
Those words were told to a muddled man by a sober worker. Nevertheless, the
Russians did not drink less under the Soviet power. On the one hand, the
government itself made drunkards (cheap vodka) to be on friendly terms with
common people, on the other hand , home-brew distillation was strictly
prohibited. Magazines of 1920-30s are full of anti-alcoholic caricatures
mocking everyday drinking. For ordinary people those caricatures were closer
and more understandable than political satire.
One of the characters of Gogol's comedy "Inspector" was thrown down in
his childhood, that is why he "stinks vodka" since then. One of the offices
of Hashek's novel was ready to squander his nose in drink. The absolute
title-holder in drinking is, indeed, the main figure of V. Erofeev's story "Moskva-Petushki"
- the book especially liked by a group of artists "Mitki", disposed to
"cultural" drinking and derisive graphics. The sources of their pictures can
be found in Russian "culture of laughter".
The "Krokodil" magazine published a great number of caricatures devoted
to this popular subject. Kukriniksi invented special equipment for home-brew
procession. It looked like a snake letting poison out. I. Semyonov drew a
hoover- like-bottle, sucking money out of a drunkard's pocket. The
characters of E. Migunov's caricatures drop in at special tea-houses, made
of bottles, and the foundations of them are made of beer mugs.
Some special type of "groggy" graphics is humorous wine labels. In 1972
Soviet colleagues presented H. Bidstrup with a bottle of brandy named after
him and the Order of Red Banner. Some liqueurs with funny labels made in
Leningrad club of humour and satire are also known.
Drinking in Russia can not be stopped, whether it is mocked or not.
Perestroika failed when the government made an attempt to limit alcohol
consumption.
It is an interesting fact, but there has never been a single exhibition
of "groggy" caricatures, either in Russia, or in any other country, but in
1930 a book "Wine" edited and illustrated by A. Gofmeister, was published.