The liquid media
consist of inks, which are applied in fine lines with pens or as washes with
brushes, and of paints, which are traditionally applied with brushes and are
primarily used for color and shading, and less often for linear indications
of form. Inks are water-based, and the coloring agent is usually some form
of carbon, although sepia ink is made from the natural dye expelled by the
cuttlefish as camouflage. The white pigments which are an essential adjunct
of dark inks are manufactured from metallic substances, either lead or zinc.
Colored paints, whether made by hand in the workshop from natural materials
or manufactured, as they are today, are produced with an extensive variety
materials and processes.
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Pen and ink