Nebraska Man

Nebraska man lasted for a total of five years in 1927. Further discovery eventually proved that the unusual tooth on which Nebraska man was founded (there were less than a cupful of bone fragments used to construct the complete Nebraska Man) was not actually from an ape-man but from a peckery, a type of wild pig. Professor Henry Osbourne's ape- man was constructed from the tooth of a pig. Nebraska Man is still used in some modern text- books, despite the fact that Osbourne himself admitted that his findings were really that of a pig.

Neanderthal Man

Secondly - the Neanderthal Man. This exhibit was supposed to be slightly more sophisticated than the chimpanzee, walking stooped forward, and walking with his knees bent in a hairy, animalistic fashion. The mistake regarding his brain capacity was corrected by the great Marcellin Boule, one of the greatest paleantologists of his day. Boule proved that Neanderthal Man had a bigger brain than modern man. Evidence then emerged that Neanderthal Man believed in the supernatural and there was substantial evidence that Neanderthal man had intermarried with modern type man. To cap it all, in 1929 Professor Boule proved that Neanderthal man walked upright. Neanderthal Man is now regarded as our brother, just another group of homo-sapiens

Piltdown Man

Thirdly - The Piltdown Man of England. For forty years, Piltdown Man fooled the world. The pictures on the right show an artist's impression of Piltdown Man.

The principle characters in this fraudulence were Charles Dawson (who found the first part of the skull), Sir Arthur Smith Woodward of the British Museum and a student priest - Father Teilhard de Chardin. In December, 1912, Dawson and Woodward told a distinguished audience that over a period of four years they had found strange fossils at Piltdown, namely the upper part of a skull which was human and nearby a broken lower jaw bone.

An artist's impression of Piltdown man

Thus, Piltdown Man had arrived. If the missing canine tooth were to be found and if it was worn like the molars in the jaw-bone, the case to support the ape man would be strengthened. The tooth was found eight months later, on the 29th August 1913. Teilhard returned from France and Dawson, Woodward and Teilhard went to the Piltdown pit to sieve the gravel. After a time, Teilhard called out that he had found the missing tooth. The tooth fitted the jaw exactly and Piltdown Man had made history. He was given the age of five hundred thousand years.

Eventually, sceptics insisted that the Piltdown Man's age be re-examined. He survived the first test whilst his age dropped from five hundred thousand years to fifty thousand years. Critics then demanded further tests and then came the disgrace. The skull belonged to modern man; the jaw-bone was from an ape that had recently died.

Furthermore, it became obvious under meticulous examination that the teeth had been filed to make them look human and the marks of the abrasive were visible. The jaw bone and teeth had been stained by chemicals to make them look like ape specimens. Why was the crudeness of this fake not detected earlier? Who was responsible? Well, opinions certainly differ. Nobody blames Woodward. Dawson lacked the skill and knowledge to perpetrate such a fantastic hoax. Few blame Dawson since he didn't have the special skills.

Speculation might therefore point towards de Chardin, who had the opportunity and the knowledge of anatomy. Australian anatomist Graffton Elliot Smith had some involvement with the Piltdown affair. It is worth noting at this juncture that both these men were later connected with the Peking Man of China.

The Africa Man

We will now discuss the African Ape-Man, the Java Man and the China Man, better known as Peking Man.

Australapithecines - otherwise known as African ape-man. These are pictured as large- jawed, small brained and standing about four feet tall and walking in approximately human fashion; not quite human but a pre human phase of hominid evolution. It sounds terrific, until you see how little fossil evidence there is and how the experts contradict one another, sometimes allocating bones the way they want them. Douglas Dewar said :- "The supposition that African man walked upright is based on the supposition that some isolated bone found among a heap of bones in a cave belonged to the same species". After Douglas Dewar had written this, further evidence from more complete bones indicates that African Man did not walk upright.

In 1954, Sir Solly Zuckerman began his study. He made a meticulous analysis of the bone fragments and gave his verdict on the basis of brain capacity, jaws, teeth and the point of balance of skull on spine. Zuckerman's verdict was that these animal bones gave no evidence of something evolving into a human. In scientific stature, Zuckerman would overshadow the others and he was without bias. Zuckerman has had an outstanding career. He was appointed as chief scientific advisor to her majesty's government and then in 1971 he was elevated to the peerage on his merits as Lord Zuckerman. His verdict should have carried great weight. However, apparently it wasn't what they wanted to hear, and his findings were quietly ignored. A computerised analysis of the Australapithecines carried out in the seventies has shown that Zuckermann's evidence was not completely futile.

We now come to Doctor Louis Leakey, the renowned palaeontologist who worked in Africa for a number of years, financed by the National Geographic Magazine. In 1950 Leakey's wife found 400 fragments of a skull, although there are grounds for thinking that parts of two skulls were involved. However, the four hundred pieces were put together into a skull, with the exclusion of the jaw bone. A model jaw bone based on a jaw bone that Doctor Leakey's son had found elsewhere was moulded and the completed skull was called Zinjanthropus, or Zinj. The Readers Digest published a long story about Zinj. The National Geographic featured the story and Zinj was declared as the oldest real human, aged one million seven hundred and fifty thousand years old. As you would expect, many different artist's impressions have come from just this one skull.

There were two pieces of leg bone found near Zinj but they were allocated to homo-habilis. Many books admit that there is dispute about what habilis really is. Doctor Leakey's view was that habilis was a species of man now extinct. However, many other evolutionists say that Leakey was wrong and that habilis was just an Australapithecines - another brute.

In 1891, Doctor Eugene Dubois gave up his career and went to Java to search for the missing link between man and ape. Later, Dubois presented to the world his Pithecanthropus - better known as Java Man. Java Man became a human hero. Popular histories published detailed portraits of Java Man. G.K. Chesterton commented:- "no uninformed person looking at his carefully lined face would imagine that this was a portrait of a thigh bone, of a few teeth and a fragment of the cranium".

How did it happen? In 1895, when Dubois returned to Europe, he showed to an international congress of zoologists what he had found in a river-bed in Java. Dubois presented a skull-cap and a tooth, both appearing to belong to an ape. He also showed them a thigh-bone that he had found a year later about fifty feet distant. The thigh-bone appeared to be human. Dubois insisted that they belonged together. Thus, the ape skull-cap stood on the human thigh bone and the missing link was no more. (See below).The Java Man was born...

Doctor Dubois had not been entirely honest in his findings however. The most important part of the story was excluded. Dubois did not disclose that he had also found two human skulls in the exact same stratum as the skull cap. If Dubois had disclosed this important information it would have spoiled his successful case because these were human skulls - Wadjak skulls, which showed that real humans did live in Java at the same time as the supposed ape man. This would have meant that there was no need to link the thigh bone with the skull cap found fifty feet distant, and that would have meant that evidence for the alleged ape-man would have been non-existent. For more than thirty years, Dubois kept the human skull secret and hidden. This was totally inexcusable.

The great biologist Thomson stated later:- "The success of Darwinism was accompanied by a decline in scientific integrity".

In 1921 a repentant Dubois revealed the human skulls. By then it was too late and Java Man was immovably established, as any modern textbook will testify.

The leading authority on fossils - Marcellin Boule, rejected Java Man. Boule said it was a gibbon or an ape. More significantly, Dr. Dubois himself renounced his own Java Man in 1938. He declared that after long study he was of the opinion that we are concerned with a gigantic gibbon. But evolutionists still cling to their Java Man. He is now referred to as homo-erectus in the science of evolution.





Peking Man

We now come to Peking Man (Sinathropus Pekinesis and Dr Black. Dr Black believed that man began life in China. Black took charge of excavation work near the hill at Peking. In 1926, and on the evidence of one tooth, Black showed a great deal of confidence in finding an ape-man. There was also a Chinese scientist on the field-work, and the infamous Fr. Teilhard de Chardin, who acted as unofficial observer. Reporting to France in 1929, Dr. Black found something which made the first official Peking Man. Was it a skull, or just a skull-cap ?

Teilhard de Chardin reported finding a skull, which closely resembled the great apes, while Dr Black however, announced a skull-cap. Whatever it was, Black constructed a model; not a cast but a model of the supposed skull. It took two years to make the model and according to a Father O'Connell, Malcolm Bowden and other observers, Dr Black did not comply with appropriate guidelines when constructing the skull. Black made the skull represent what he wanted it to represent. As excavations continued, two great heaps of ashes were uncovered, and in the ashes were the bones of numerous animals. Also mixed in the ashes were monkey-like skulls and Black claimed the monkey-like skulls were more of his Peking men.

Immediately, the world was informed that traces of fire had been found, and the picture of Peking Man emerged as a transitional creature just across the dividing line. A man yes - but just an extremely primitive man using stone tools, walking upright, living in a cave and using a fire for cooking. To scrutinise Peking Man, a famous authority of that time, Professor Eva Breuil visited the spot on Teilhard's invitation. When Prof. Breuil returned to France, he published a controversial article, showing the 'so-called' traces of fire not to be traces of fire but actually the remains of great furnaces. Despite Breuil's findings, Dr Black, Teilhard de Chardin and Dr. Pei published their own book - 'Fossil man in China', omitting Breuil's comments. Referring to this deliberate omission, historian Francis Vere said:- "one can only conclude Breuil's discoveries, being inconvenient to the cause, were deliberately suppressed." These traces of fire were really two enormous heaps of ashes. The heap positioned at the lower level was not fully uncovered. The heap on the upper level had the length of a football field, half the width of a football field, and even after those long years of compression, its height was that of a two-storey building. These were the remains of industrial furnaces, used in an industry of limestone burning, presumably for the building of the ancient city of Cambriolet, where Peking now stands. There were thousands of court stones, which had been transported from some other region of China. Stones with soot on one side - no doubt used in the lime-kilns. The cave that Black had referred to did not exist. On the hillside there were two levels from which limestone had been extracted. A landslide had covered everything and thus they were now described as caves.

What became of the monkey-like skulls mixed up with other bones in the ashes ? Marcellin Boule, the leading authority, was invited to visit the site and that he did. Boule's reaction was one of annoyance at having his time wasted on monkey skulls. Boule rebuked Dr. Black's theory outright. He referred to it as a "fantastic hypothesis". Boule's opinion was that real men had been at work at these furnaces and that the monkey-like skulls and the other bones mixed up in the ashes were the remains of food eaten by the workmen who had thrown the bones and skulls into the ashes. However, Boule's voice was not in tune with the evolutionists and media of his time. Boule's voice would have caused great damage to the 'missing link' picture being painted by the evolutionists of his day. Peking Man was vital to the perpetuation of evolutionary thought. Peking Man was firmly established, and Boule's diametric opposition to Peking Man caused him to be the subject of scorn and ridicule within the scientific profession. Boule was branded as 'just another fanatic'. The excavations at Peking continued until 1934, when on one memorable day, the bones of several humans were found, apparently crushed to death by a landslide.

By now Dr. Black was world- famous. The fossilised remains were delivered to Black's laboratory and he duly entered his laboratory to examine them. Later that day in March 1943, Black was found dead amongst the human bones.

Teilhard de Chardin sent a report to France. He confirmed that human skulls and bones had indeed been found on the site despite the fact that three years later he then sent a second report, stating that no trace of real men had been found. (Teilhard de Chardin later abandoned his vocation as a Catholic Priest). He thereby flatly contradicted his earlier report. Why? It is quite certain that the bones of real men were found. Dr Black's position was filled by a Professor Weidenreich, who continued the excavation work. Weidenreich published a full account five years later on the findings of the human remains. Photos of the human skulls have been published.

Incidentally, every fossil bone of Peking Man has disappeared. Apparently, just after the war, the fossils were put on board an American ship and then disappeared. Another version is that the invading Japanese destroyed the fossils. However, Fr. Patrick O'Connell who was resident in China at that time and who made a special study of the Peking affair, wrote that that Dr. Pei carried on his work during the Japanese occupation and says that Dr. Pei had very good reason to destroy the fossils.

Fr O,Conell wrote, "The skulls were, therefore, destroyed before the Chinese government returned to Peking in order to remove the evidence of fraud on a large scale". The fossils are gone, and all that remain are the imaginative models of Peking Man. After the communists took over, Dr. Pei used the models to teach the Chinese people that they are born of monkeys....



The 'Bombshell' is dropped

In 1972 Richard Leakey, son of the late Dr. Leakey, found a skull in Africa. Leakey appeared on the front page of the Courier Mail of Nov. 11th 1972. In his lower hand Richard Leakey held an Australapithicens skull. In his upper hand he held the new find, a skull which he claimed was human. The skull was dated at 2.5 million years old. (It is important to note something about the dating - Cambridge University dated the skull at 2.5 million years; Barclay Laboratory dated the skull at just over 1.5 million years) How can we possibly overlook this difference entrusted to us by radioactive dating?

Richard Leakey is truly holding the real bone of contention; a human skull older than its ancestors - older than Australapithices, Java Man and Peking Man! This would be a real human very much older than the hominids. It seems that Richard Leakey has found a human skull. Perhaps the measurement of brain capacity needs amendment since a sizeable portion of the skull cap is missing. The age of the skull may be more likely to be three thousand years rather than three million. To make such a claim is to challenge the dating methods used. We will discuss these methods later.

Richard Leakey's find for the faithful evolutionist is a quandary. In effect, what Richard
Leakey is holding in his hand is a resounding rebuttal to the theory of evolution.

Richard Leakey stated himself :- "What we have discovered simply wipes out everything we have ever been taught on evolution and I have nothing to offer in its place."

Out of this despair we can discern two schools of thought emerging. One school of evolutionists close their eyes and shut their ears to the 'Leakey thunderbolt'. They continue to invoke the old line about ape-men, as if nothing had happened. The other school of thought admit that Leakey's bombshell has blasted the tree of man. But they, as typified by Courier Mail's 'Frontier of Science', are not daunted. They will build some sort of tree out of there. But is there anything left?

There is only old Ramapithecus. How old? Some say ten million years, some say fourteen million years....

What links are proposed between Ramapithecus and man? None at all! Seven or eleven million years of mystery, and then suddenly man.

Up until Richard Leakey dropped his bombshell, Ramapithecus was unimportant. Suddenly Ramapithecus has become important. He is our founding father because he is older than Leakey's bombshell. The evolution of mankind is completely dependant on Ramapithecus.

It is incomprehensible to accept that all that exists of Ramapithecus are some fragments of jaw bone and a few teeth. That is the total evidence for Ramapithecus! What is more, the fragments of jaw and the few teeth were discovered by G.E.Lewis, and G.E.Lewis did not regard Ramapithecus as an ancestor of man.

The evolutionists control the great mass media, the textbooks, libraries and museums, and their propaganda is relentless.

It is obvious that the hysteria and excitement of finding a missing link in the evolution of man dominated science for many years. Unfortunately, the integrity of many of those scientists diminished to the extent that fraudulent exhibits were used to support the theory of evolution. Until the present day, fossilised remains of 'so- called' ape-men are easily explained as being extinct creatures, or simply brutes.

If evolution had indeed occurred through the process of genetic mutation and then natural selection, it follows that millions upon millions of transitional plant and animal fossils of millions and millions of different species - should exist. If we are presented with pre-man fossils that have survived for 100 million years and over, then it is surely obvious that more recent fossils of pre-man would be in abundance. We have yet to find just one single irrefutable case to support this. All fossils show distinctive groups of species and genera, with no transitional species having arisen through genetic mutation!

Fossils of plant and animal life are clear evidence that distinctive groups exist within the species and genera.

There are no credible links between one species and another!

The scientific world has sold the 'evolution of man' to the general public, using exhibits that were later found to be fraudulent. Many textbooks today use these, despite the fact that even the palaeontologists involved in finding these 'missing links', admitted that deception and fraudulence were at the fore.

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