c
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b
d
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Figure 7: Ecological interactions between animals increased during the Early and Middle Cambrian. For some animals, predation became a problem, as it was for Haplophrentis (a), which made a meal for the Ottoia shown here. Both predator and prey were fossilized together (b). Expanding numbers of predators led to the widespread appearance of protective armor, such as the spines on Marella (c), which might have effectively thwarted a predator such as Jianfangia (d). (Photograph of Jianfangia courtesy of Chip Clark; a, b and c Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution
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