| Themes > Science > Physics > Atomic Physics > Atomic Structure > New System of the Atom > Appendix B: Quarks |
The theory of quarks came out a few years back and it seemed to make sense in terms of the existing models of atoms. Subsequent investigations seemed to find evidence of quarks in experiments. But what was really seen? Mostly computer printouts that required a lot of subjective interpretation. Based on the new system, we can say quarks do not appear to be real. They don’t seem to have an existence in the new system. Most things can be found in the new system, usually simplified, but quarks do not have any reason or purpose, nor is there any convincing evidence for their need or existence. Quarks come partly from the idea that protons and neutrons must be made of something smaller. Thousands of years ago, the Greek Democritus asked the question, "What is the smallest size?" His idea was that all matter was made of identical things he called "atoms." If one were to cut something repeatedly in half, what would happen? The question was largely brushed aside with the discovery that atoms were composed of smaller particles. But neutrons bring us back to Democritus, because they are the unit from which everything is made. They are the "atoms" of Democritus. All matter is not made of identical atoms, but all atoms are made of identical neutrons, some decayed and some undecayed. Neutrons are the basic material particles, and they are not made of smaller particles. They are hollow like soap bubbles but far heavier than lead. They clump or fuse together to form nuclei. They are material particles but they are not made of any material we are familiar with. It is fundamental material, connected to the fundamental nature of the Universe and the gravitational field. When neutrons are energized, their surfaces deform into undulating regions. There is theoretically no limit to the smallness of a region, so these regions are the smallest material things. The smaller the region, the smaller the wavelength of the wave it produces, and the more energy it carries per second, even down to the tiny sizes that would produce cosmic rays in the deep interiors of massive stars. |
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