by Adib Chebli

MELODY in Arab music is usually based on scales or modes known as maqamat. Although many modes have been identified, about a dozen are regularly used.

TONE includes micro-intervals which do not conform with traditional Western systems. Although there are various systems of notation, maqamat are generally treated as scales consisting of 24 equal quarter-tones. Western notation has been adapted, using the "flat" symbol with a horizontal line through it to lower a note by a quarter-tone, and the "sharp" symbol with a single vertical line, to raise it.
Examples of modes used in Lebanon and surrounding countries.
A quick introduction to the maqamat by Adib Chebli.

RHYTHMS (iqa'at) can be highly complex, with patterns sometimes consisting of as many as 48 beats. The basic components of a rhythm are two kinds of beat and silences (rests). The downbeat (dumm) is a deep sound made by hitting the drum or tambourine near the centre. The upbeat (takk) is a crisper, high-pitched sound made by tapping the rim of the instrument. Players usually ornament the basic pattern with improvisations.
Examples of some common rhythms.